L2B Blog: How to demolish a wall the right way

So when I got my topic for our blog I thought to myself, how am I supposed to know? Well seeing as though we’re in the Industry and get to work with the Pro’s on a daily basis, why not ask them how they do it? I reverted to my client Mr Brenton Bokelmann from Supa Diggers. With his great sense of humour, his first response was “drive the machine through the wall”

Please note, it is imperative to use the proper tools. Employ care when demolishing the wall to steer clear of injury. Wear the relevant PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) such as safety glasses, a dust mask, heavy duty gloves and safety boots.

First things first! Everyone dislikes a mess and extra work, so best you clear out the room or the area where the wall is and place a plastic covering for minimal cleanup time and effort.

Knowledge of the simple basic construction craftsmanship and knowledge with power saws and power hammer drills is convenient when demolishing the type of brick wall found in and around a home in South Africa.

For your regular buildings, such as houses, that are one, two or three stories high, demolition is quite an effortless process when you don’t have close by buildings etc. The wall is pulled down either physically or by using yellow hydraulic equipment: cranes, bulldozers or excavators.

Size Matters! If you have a neighbour to bear in mind and don’t necessarily want your debris lying in their dining area, break down the wall piece by piece ensuring the wall doesn’t come down all at once, causing damage to surroundings. Begin by measuring and marking the area of the wall you want to be removed, doing this you create a breaking point for your wall. Score over the said marks with a utility blade that is sharp. This prevents unwanted wall breaking or being demolished in error. Then slowly take it down piece by piece Either with your sledgehammer or excavator depending on size.

If it is a load-bearing wall, in other words, it keeps the roof in place, best you be ready to first remove the roofing in that specific area.

“A brick wall is as easy as pushing it over with an excavator and when it falls it breaks into manageable sizes so that you can move the debris,” Brenton says. If the wall has items such as electrical cables, plumbing or gas lines you will require a professional to come out and give the relevant permissions for you to be able to go ahead.

Final step, remove and dispose of all debris from the demolition in a safe and responsible manner

Thank you for reading my blog, please subscribe to receive our Building and Construction News e-mails which include the blog articles, for more amazing industry related blogs by my dearest colleagues.

 

Sources:

http://homeguides.sfgate.com/demolish-brick-wall-23306.html

http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/make-and-decorate/decorating/how-to-basic-wall-demolition

Brenton Bokelman from Supa Diggers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition

About Julia Smit

I am 25 years of age and a Dynamic entrepreneur who utilizes creativity, leadership and teamwork to design and execute solutions that create customer value. I am an effective communicator with the ability to create a prospective customer into an actual customer. Experienced professional with planning and organizational skills that balance work, team support and ad-hoc responsibilities in a timely and professional manner. I am a New business development executive with 6 years of experience in sales, customer care, business growth and expansion. I take my career at Leads 2 Business very serious am super passionate about what we do.

Featured Project: Imaloto Coal Project, Madagascar

Description: Acquired by Lemur in April 2011 through its acquisition of Coal of Madagascar Limited, the Imaloto Coal Project is located in the Imaloto Coal Basin, which is the northern-most coal field in the greater Sakoa Basin of South West Madagascar, located approximately 30 km north-west of the Sakoa Basin, where coal mining has previously been carried out. The Imaloto Coal Project area lies approximately 20km north-west of the town of Benenitra, between the north-south flowing Imaloto River and the west-east flowing Onilahy River. The Imaloto Coal Project area consists of 3 permits covering a total of 11 concession blocks, giving a license area of approximately 69km²: Permit 3196 consists of 3 concession blocks and is an exploration license. Permit 4578 consists of 4 blocks and is a full mining license. Permit 12653 consists of 4 blocks and is an exploration license. Imaloto is favourably located near the existing port of Tulear and adjacent to the proposed Soalara Port, where infrastructure planning is underway to provide a mineral bulk handling export facility. Lemur has identified the importance of an independent power-producing project that is destined to be implemented alongside its Imaloto coal project. 

Status: Awarded

Industry: Mining

Region: Madagascar

Sector: Private

Value: R 100 million+ 

Timing: 2015 onwards

If you are a valued Projects subscriber, you can find more details click here

About Marlaine Andersen

Leads 2 Business Advertising Co-ordinator and Digital Designer

Featured Tender: Mangaung Water Augmentation Project – Xhariep Pipeline: Feasibility Study

Contract Number: BW212/SF/14 – Bloem Water

Description: Invitation to Tender: Mangaung Water Augmentation Project – Xhariep Pipeline: Feasibility Study

Category: Consultants

Industries: Institutional + Water

Region: Free State

Site Inspection: A compulsory briefing session will be held on 13 October 2017 at 11:00. 02 Mzuzu Street, Pellissier, Bloemfontein, 9322

Closing Date: 10 November 2017 at 11:00

Restrictions: No late tenders will be accepted.

If you are a valued Tender subscriber, Click to here for more information.

About Nonkazi Zondi

I started at Leads 2 Business in September 2016 as a Content Researcher in the Daily Tenders South Africa Department.

Did you Know #DYK: Project Life Cycle Explained

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Before I get into the fundamentals of project stages, let’s establish what a project is. Leads 2 Business classifies a development as a project because it is researched as a whole (from the conceptual stage, right up until it is completed). It is funded not only through private organisations but also by the government and parastatals. What it boils down to, is that it is researched from start to finish, instead of just the two stages of Tender & Awarded. Thus allowing our subscribers to know more, as we update the project and notify them as it progresses.

There are many ways to differentiate the phases of a project, Leads 2 Business uses 9 to ensure all the correct information and professionals are made known and to ensure no confusion or omittances occur. 

The conceptual stage is the first phase of a development. During this phase funding is secured, feasibility studies are conducted and the client/developers are appointed. The only professionals listed could be that of the client or the developer.

Once everything is finalised & approved, the development moves to the Procedural stage. All the necessary investigations & surveys are conducted (environmental investigations, assessments, geotechnical investigations & zoning to name a few) to ensure there is no endangerment to any of the natural habitats and living organisms (different pollutions are also taken into consideration).

A bit of designing is done to gain basic knowledge & plans as to what the specifics are of the development, in order to appoint the correct consulting & professional teams. Suggested architects, quantity surveyors, estimators & the necessary engineers would make up the consulting & professional teams.

 

The development then proceeds to move to the Design stage. During this phase the professional teams (architects, quantity surveyors, work together to design and plan everything that would need to be acquired, built, constructed, fabricated etc in order for the project to be completed effectively & efficiently. Once all the design and planning is completed, it is then decided which main building contractors will be asked to bid on the project. Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Engineers, Interior Designers & other consultants are officially appointed at this stage. They will be made available to our subscribers for them to get further information on the project.

 

Once the bid invitations are sent out, the development is in the Tender stage. Drawings and other specifications of the project are made available to the invited contractors so that they are able to send out the request for quotations. The contractors have a cut-off date for when they would need to submit their pricing to the client/developers. Once they receive the pricing back from their vendors they then have time to work through it, choose the best prices and complete the tender document and submit it either before or on the closing date. The contractors are referred to as bidders. One bidder is listed but our subscribers are able to request the full bidder’s list.

 

 

Awarded phase occurs when the client has appointed one of the bidders as the contractor for the development, and the main contractor has appointed the subcontractors. The subcontractors used may not necessarily be the same vendors that the main contractor used in his tendering documentation when submitting his pricing to the developers.

 

 

 

 

Once he ground has been brokenconstruction has commenced, it is safe to say the development is in the Underway stage. Other vendors and subcontractors may be brought on board by the contractor during the building & construction phase as complications or miscalculations may occur. More likely than not the project may be delayed, either due to the natural circumstances (weather) or financial disputes, delay in delivery of services from suppliers or fabricators and so on & so forth. Essentially the entire consulting, professional & contracting teams will be on board and work on the project.

 

 

When all building & construction is followed through, the project is in Completed phase. There are particular tests that need to be conducted before project handover such as foundation & footing, sewage & plumbing, electrical, fire & smoke resistant, insulation and more, to ensure that the certificate of occupancy may be issued. The investigations & certifications vary as to what has been built. For more complex buildings there would be more investigations conducted to ensure the building has been built to the correct standard and builders followed the correct protocols and processes.

 

Once the certificate of occupancy is issued, project handover from the builders to the developers will happen. Although the project is completed, the contractors are usually* still under a defect liability period which generally runs for 12 months. During the period, whatever building faults (electrical, plumbing etc) occur, the contractor is liable to repair and services at no additional cost. Tenants that will be occupying the building, if commercial, may also become available at this stage.

*usually: it is not always stipulated in the original agreement, it may have been omitted by the contractor or the developers or it could have been a mutual agreement.

If there are any complications (usually funding or land claim disputes) the project will be Postponed until an outcome is reached. The project will then either continue* or it will be Cancelled. There are few instances when a cancelled project is taken over by other developers and reinstated. 

*continue: with or without any changes or modifications to plans or prior agreements

And there you have it, folks, the Life Cycle of a Project explained.

 

Sources: 

https://blog.l2b.co.za/did-you-know-dyk-what-is-a-private-project/

https://www.l2b.co.za/Projects/Project-Development-Phases

https://www.l2b.co.za/Projects/Project/View?ID=d97de9b4-58af-4ea5-bce3-3ce7970a0ca4

https://www.l2b.co.za/Projects/Project/View?ID=bf6767b5-c64b-4511-b9cb-b59ac0b66130

www.slcdocs.com/building/manual.pdf

https://www.out-law.com/en/topics/projects–construction/construction-claims/defects-liability-periods/

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About Kirsty Cloete

Kirsty Cloete, reporting live from Leads 2 Business Telesales Department in Johannesburg Gauteng, since March 2015. Thoroughly enjoying working with this dynamic & eccentric company.

Industry Events: MTE Bafokeng Mining & Technical Exhibition + MTE Mooinooi Mining & Technical Exhibition + African Rail Evolution

1. Event:

MTE Bafokeng Mining and Technical Exhibition

 

Date:

10 October 2017 from 12:00 – 16:30

 

Event location:

BRPM Security Soccer Fields

 

Event Description:

Focused mining exhibition covering all sections of the mining process (Mining, Engineering, Processing). Over 30 suppliers showcasing their products and/or services to the top and middle management of the following mines and operations Bafokeng Rasimone Platinum Mine, Bakubung Platinum Mine, Pilansberg Platinum Mine.  If you want to be part of this exhibition the mines are interested in any innovative technology on the processing side and any ways to improve the mining process. These mines are looking at improving the operations through efficient products and innovation.

 

Contact:

Andrew Macnamara

E-mail: andrew@interactmedia.co.za

Tel: +27(0)82 720 0083

 

Event Website:

MTE Bafokeng Mining and Technical Exhibition

 

 

2. Event:

MTE Mooinooi Mining and Technical Exhibition

 

Date:

12 October 2017 from 13:00 – 17:00

 

Event location:

Mooinooi Golf Club (Rustenburg Area)

 

Event Description:

Focused mining exhibition covering all sections of the mining process (Mining, Engineering, Processing). Over 40 suppliers showcasing their products and/or services to the top and middle management of the following mines and operations (Lonmin Platinum Mines, Tharisa Minerals, Samancor TC Smelter, Western Chrome Mines, Eland Platinum and Hernic Ferrochrome.  If you want to be part of this exhibition the mines are interested in any innovative technology on the processing side and any ways to improve the mining process. These Platinum mines are looking at improving their operations through efficient products and innovation.

 

Contact:

Andrew Macnamara

E-mail: andrew@interactmedia.co.za

Tel: +27(0)82 720 0083

 

Event Website:

MTE Mooinooi Mining and Technical Exhibition

 

 

3. Event:

African Rail Evolution

 

Date:

17 October 2017 – 18 October 2017

 

Expo Times:

Tuesday, 17 October 2017 – 09:30 to 16:30
Wednesday, 18 October 2017 – 09:30 to 16:30

 

Event location:

Durban International Convention Centre, Durban

 

Event Description:

The event will provide key insights into emerging trends in rail maintenance and rehabilitation, confront the most pressing issues, discover solutions and debate a roadmap to put African rail back on track.

 

Contact Person:

Speaker and programme enquiries:

E-mail: nico.loretz@rail-evolution.com

Sponsorship / exhibition:

E-mail: richard.morrak@rail-evolution.com

Conference booking:

E-mail: ibtishaam.solomons@rail-evolution.com

 

Event Website:

African Rail Evolution

About Eldary Carpenter

I have been with Leads 2 Business for 5 years and absolutely love working for such a dynamic company. I started off as a Content Researcher in the Tenders Department before being promoted to Customer Relations.

L2B Blog: 10 Ways to Set Yourself up for Demolitions

One thing about construction projects like houses and buildings is that as they went up, someday they must come down. Nothing lasts forever, and that includes residential homes and buildings, as well as commercial structures.

 

When that day arrives and the building has become unsafe or just seen better days, it’s time to call in the building demolition experts. Every safe and successful demolition begins with the company you hire to carry it out. After you’ve hired a qualified and reputable company to do the job, the demolition process begins.

 

Here are a few things to consider before the actual Demolition:

 

Engineering Survey: The first step of this process is making an engineering survey. Make sure a competent person does this task, one who perfectly knows the condition of the building. This person must indicate in the survey, the condition of the floors, framing, walls and the possibility of unplanned collapse of any part of the structure.

 

Hazardous Material: It’s important to determine if any hazardous material like chemicals, gases or explosives have been used with any equipment in the structure. If such material is present, then testing and purging must be done first to eliminate this hazard.

 

Creating the Plan: Once your needs are determined, a plan is created. The plan will include how the demolition is to be carried out, as well as all of the equipment that will be used to do it. The ultimate goal is to get that building demolished in the safest and most efficient way possible while staying within budget. These decisions will depend on things like the size of the building, the building materials, the reason for the demolition and the location of the building.

 

Some of the demolition methods that might be considered include:
• Implosion
• Deconstruction
• Selective Demolition
• Traditional Excavator with grapple or “claw” and thumb

 

Once the plan is set, the demolition company will know the method, the equipment that’s necessary, the approximate cost, how much debris there will be, how it will be dispersed at the site and how long it will take to clean up. Backup plans and emergency plans will also be part of the overall demolition plan.

 

Getting Permits: Obviously, it isn’t possible to just stroll into any city or town and demolish a building without getting the proper permits. Removing any building from a site will alter the landscape and can even alter property values and property taxes in the area.

 

Surroundings: The site must be fenced or suitably barricaded to prevent public access during the demolition process. No part of any external wall on or within 6,000mm of the street alignment is to be pulled down except during times as specified by the building surveyor.

 

Move Your Property to Storage: Before any demolition project, you need to get your valuables out of there, of course. Usually, there’s at least something in your old building worth holding on to! Make sure your property is well out of harm’s way long before the demolition begins so you aren’t scrambling at the last second. Anything you find that you don’t need anymore can be sold for a profit or donated to charity.

 

Check Your Insurance: It’s always a good idea to check your insurance policy and notify your insurer before beginning a demolition project. If a water pipe bursts or someone is injured, you don’t want to be held liable.

 

Arrange Alternate Space: If you’re demolishing your home or an office building, you need to make sure alternate arrangements have been made well in advance. Where will you live, or where will your employees go? Don’t put yourself in a pickle by failing to address where the people will go to after their home or workplace has been demolished.

 

Arrange Alternative Accommodation: Before demolition begins, ensure you have arranged suitable alternative accommodation. You may have another property to reside in, or you may wish to rent, share or board with family or friends. Whatever you decide, make sure it’s all planned out well in advance of demo day.

 

Reuse Old Materials: Before you bring in the wrecking ball, consider whether any materials can be reused for your new property. For example, you may wish to retain the old pavers for an outdoor patio or keep some well-established garden plants. Indoors, you may want to keep some of the cornices or skirting boards for reuse, or even the internal and external doors – after all, it’s amazing what a coat of fresh paint can do. Remember, a saving here and there can add up to thousands of Rands in savings in total.

 

In a lot of ways, the building going down isn’t really an ending, but a new beginning for whatever structure is going to take its place.

 

Sources:

https://www.domain.com.au/advice/demolition-day/

http://www.delpretemasonry.com/blog/prepare-demolition-day/

http://ferrocanada.com/involved-building-demolition-process/

https://www.safetyservicescompany.com/topic/uncategorized/safety-rules-in-preparing-for-demolition-projects/

About Nonkazi Zondi

I started at Leads 2 Business in September 2016 as a Content Researcher in the Daily Tenders South Africa Department.

Featured Project: Lagos Mega City Initiative – Residential Ikoyi

Description: Construction of a luxury residential development in Ikoyi as part of the Lagos Mega City Initiative in Nigeria. LASG has conceived an initiative to provide the City of Lagos with world class residential, business, recreational and other facilities to position Lagos in line with the other mega cities of the World. LASG is looking for suitable entities to partner with it on a PPP basis to undertake the delivery of these facilities.

Status: Conceptual

Industry: Residential

Region: Nigeria

Sector: Public Private Partnership

Value: R 100 million+ 

Timing: 2017 onwards

If you are a valued Projects subscriber, you can find more details click here

For additional components relating to this Project, please also see PPA 19114, PPA 19115, PPA 19116, PPA 19117, PPA 19118, PPA 19119, PPA 19120, PPA 19121, PPA 19122, PPA 19123, PPA 19124, PPA 19125, PPA 19126

About Marlaine Andersen

Leads 2 Business Advertising Co-ordinator and Digital Designer

Featured Tender: Panel of Experienced Engineering Service Providers to Repair the Pump, Sewer, Water and Motor Plants

Contract Number: 8/2/1/374 – AbaQulusi Municipality

Description: Invitation to Tender: Panel of Experienced Engineering Service Providers to Repair the Pump, Sewer, Water and Motor Plants for the period of 36 Months.

Category: Infrastructure + Plant & Machinery + Mechanical

Industries: Institutional + Water

Region: KwaZulu-Natal

Site Inspection: No Details

Closing Date: 20 October 2017 at 14:00

Restrictions: No bid that is submitted late will be considered. No bid sent or submitted by facsimile, telex telegram or electronic mail will be accepted. The municipality is not obliged to accept the lowest or any bids. An original Valid tax clearance certificate of a company must be submitted with the tender document. An original current account in terms of water and electricity / rates and taxes obtainable from your local municipality must be submitted or a lease agreement. Certified copies of identity documents of directors and owners of the company must be submitted. BBBEE Certificate with SANAS logo is applicable. Failure to comply with these conditions will result in immediate disqualification of the bid. Service Providers should be on Municipal database. If not please collect forms at SCM Office or down load them from Municipal website (www.Abaqulusi.gov.za) and submit them with your tender document

If you are a valued Tender subscriber, Click to here for more information.

About Nonkazi Zondi

I started at Leads 2 Business in September 2016 as a Content Researcher in the Daily Tenders South Africa Department.

Did you Know #DYK: 10 things you should know about demolition

posted in: Did You Know 0

Demolition

10 things you should know about demolition

1. What is Demolition?

Demolition is a very exciting and fast phase of construction. For a complete demolition, a home can come down and be entirely removed from the site in a day or two. While demolition is typically fast and messy, it’s not necessarily mindless and uncomplicated.

There’s actually quite a bit to know about demolition; beginning demolition without a clear strategy can have significant time and financial repercussions later.

So, it all has to start somewhere, I will start from the beginning and tell you a little more about where it starts and how it ends and the different types of Demolition – Kaboom!
As I see it, what goes up, must come down 🙂

 

2. Don’t try it yourself (Don’t DIY)

Get an experienced crew involved in the plan to accomplish any demolition. Otherwise, you could end up getting hurt and paying expensive bills. The ideal situation is to have the framing crew take on the demolition, the framers will know what to retain and the accountability chain is direct.

 

Note to all Men – Don’t DIY, unless you want to end up in the Dog Box.

 

 

 

3. Pre-Demolition Inspection

Pre-demolition inspection may be one of the most helpful and cost-effective steps you can take to recognise materials that should be removed from buildings before starting the demolition process.

 

4. Play by the Rules

Unless you live in the middle of nowhere or in the woods and your nearest neighbour is miles away, there is no subtle way to sneak a proper demolition. Make sure you are going about it the right and legal way. I’d suggest taking the neighbours a nice box of chocolates or wine to apologise in advance for the noise levels. You will definitely need the patience of your neighbours. Play by the rules and get your permits.

 

5. There are different types of Demolition

If and when you are planning to construct a new building in place of an old one, then demolition is inevitable.

  • Demolition by Hand – you can only use hand tools with this method like sledgehammers, for example.
  • Crane and Wrecking Ball – the wrecking ball is largely outmoded, replaced by excavators and other mechanical means that offer better precision, efficiency, and safety.
  • Implosion – A highly-specialised type of demolition that employs the use of explosives to bring down high structures by undermining structural supports so that it collapses within its own footprint or along a predetermined path.
  • Mechanical Demolition – specialised mechanical equipment and tools. These include hydraulic excavators equipped with specialised attachments that can break concrete and steel, effectively “chewing” the structure apart. Smaller equipment is also used.
  • Total Demolition – It is the demolition of an entire structure, and it can be achieved by a number of methods.
  • Dismantling/Deconstruction – dismantlement or deconstruction of a structure to preserve components for reuse, recycling, or refurbishment.
  • Selective Demolition – removal of specific interior/exterior portions of a building while protecting the remaining structure and nearby structures.
  • Interior Demolition – Interior portions of a structure while preserving the exterior. This usually includes removal of walls, ceilings, pipes, etc.

 

6. Try to find somewhere to live during your demolition

Demolition is loud, dirty and gets dust on everything. It will almost be impossible to enjoy your home under these circumstances and may also not be very safe for you and your family. It’s best to try to find a place to stay during your demolition. Keep the wife happy, no woman likes a dusty house.

 

7. Asbestos Procedures

Do your homework when it comes to asbestos. Nothing will shut down a project faster than an asbestos violation. Inspection prior to demolition or renovation, the affected structure or part of the structure where the work is to take place must be thoroughly inspected by a certified asbestos inspector for the presence of asbestos. Notification requirements vary with the amount of regulated asbestos and type of activity taking place. All demolitions, including those where no asbestos is present, require a notification form be sent to DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources)

 

I don’t know if it’s just Me, but it looks like Chuck Norris was here

 

8. Listen to the guy on site who says “consider the following things…”
He is speaking from experience and he knows what he’s talking about.
Always get the experts involved in any situation, people qualify to do certain things for a reason.

 

9. You’d be surprised how many items and materials can be reused or recycled from the demolition
Deconstruction is a new term for a simple concept: rather than destroying or demolishing a building, the team carefully disassemble the structure, identifying those parts for reuse. Construction and demolition waste recycling is a big industry and is steadily increasing. The amount of construction and demolition waste generated in the U.S. in 2012 was estimated at 480 million tons, according to a 2014 CDRA executive summary.

 

10. Get in touch with the Correct People

You can get in touch with some Demolition/Construction Companies on our Directory, by clicking here

 

Should you wish to subscribe to our services and find out more about what we do here at Leads 2 Business, you are more than welcome to give me (Natasha) a call on +27(0)33 343 1130 or email me at NatashaL@L2B.co.za

 

Now you know a little more about Demolition and so do I 🙂

L2B Blog: Renovation or Demolition?

 

 

Sources:

https://www.epa.gov/large-scale-residential-demolition/pe-demolition-inspections
http://www.rbaker.com/press-room.php?id=230

http://rockassoc.com/2017/07/18/10-things-you-should-know-about-demolition/

http://blog.buildllc.com/2011/07/10-things-you-should-know-about-demolition/

http://denr.sd.gov/des/wm/asb/asbdemolition.aspx

http://blog.wegowise.com/2012-10-30-building-life-cycle-demolition-recycling

http://blog.capterra.com/5-tips-for-recycling-your-construction-waste/

About Natasha Lubbe

My name is Natasha Lubbe and I am a very Bubbly and Happy 30-year-old Mother to the Sweetest 6-year-old Little Girl. I have worked for Leads 2 Business since 04 October 2016. I really enjoy a Challenge and Love Learning new things. Feel free to call me at any time, I'd gladly assist. Nothing you wear is more important than your smile.

Industry Events: International Gas Cooperation Summit (IGCS)

Event:

International Gas Cooperation Summit (IGCS)

 

Date:

09 October 2017 – 11 October 2017

 

Event location:

Durban, KwaZulu-Natal

 

Event Description:

The International Gas Cooperation Summit (IGCS) is a platform for South Africa’s aspirations to build an energy hub for gas cooperation with international partners along the gas value chain.

 

Event Website:

International Gas Cooperation Summit (IGCS)

About Eldary Carpenter

I have been with Leads 2 Business for 5 years and absolutely love working for such a dynamic company. I started off as a Content Researcher in the Tenders Department before being promoted to Customer Relations.

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